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Vibrio parahaemolyticus
''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' is a curved, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium found in brackish saltwater, which, when ingested, causes gastrointestinal illness in humans.〔 ''V. parahaemolyticus'' is oxidase positive, facultatively aerobic, and does not form spores. Like other members of the genus ''Vibrio'', this species is motile, with a single, polar flagellum.
==Pathogenesis==
While infection can occur by the fecal-oral route, ingestion of bacteria in raw or undercooked seafood, usually oysters, is the predominant cause the acute gastroenteritis caused by ''V. parahaemolyticus''. Wound infections also occur, but are less common than seafood-borne disease. The disease mechanism of ''V. parahaemolyticus'' infections has not been fully elucidated.
Clinical isolates usually possess a pathogenicity island (PAI) on the second chromosome. The PAI can be acquired by horizontal gene transfer and contains genes for several virulence factors. Two fully sequenced variants exist of the ''V. parahaemolyticus'' PAI with distinctly different lineages. Each PAI variant contains a genetically-distinct Type III Secretion System (T3SS), which is capable of injecting virulence proteins into host cells to disrupt host cell functions or cause cell death by apoptosis. The two known T3SS variants on ''V. parahaemolyticus'' chromosome 2 are known as T3SS2α and T3SS2β. These variants correspond to the two known PAI variants.
Aside from the T3SS, two genes encoding well-characterized virulence proteins are typically found on the PAI, the thermostable direct hemolysin gene (''tdh'') and/or the ''tdh''-related hemolysin gene (''trh''). Strains possessing one or both of these hemolysins exhibit beta-hemolysis on blood agar plates. A distinct correlation seems to exist between presence of ''tdh'', ''trh'', and the two known T3SS variants: observations have shown T3SS2α correlating with ''tdh''+/''trh''- strains, while T3SS2β correlates with ''tdh''-/''trh''+ strains.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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